中国大学MOOC 英语语言学概论-东北大学 测验与作业答案

Chapter One: Invitations to Linguistics

1

Chomsky made the distinction between _______________.
喵查答案：

competence and performance

comparative linguistics and historical linguistics

langue and parole
microlinguistics and macrolinguistics

2 By                  is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
喵查答案：duality 
displacement
productivity
arbitrariness

3 Which of the following statements is NOT true?
喵查答案：Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
Language is instrumental.
Language is a system of symbols.
Language is social and conventional.

4 When people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the ____________function of language.
recreational
喵查答案：emotive
phatic
metalingual

5         holds that language originated from people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.
The pooh-pooh theory
喵查答案：The bow-wow theory
The divine-source theory
The yo-he-ho theory

6 There are some well-known theories about the origin of language,  among which______ proposes an extremely specific connection between physical and oral gesture. 
喵查答案：the oral-gesture theory
the bow-wow theory
the pooh-pooh theory
the yo-he-ho theory

7 In broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication.
喵查答案：arbitrary
motivated
conventional
dual

8 “I can refer to Confucius even though he died 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of __________.
arbitrariness
duality
喵查答案：displacement
creativity

9

As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___________.

prescriptive
喵查答案：descriptive
sociolinguistic
psycholinguistic

10

All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.
喵查答案：正确
错误

11  Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
正确
喵查答案：错误

12 A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
喵查答案：正确
错误

13 The bow-wow theory  is based on the fact that modern languages have some words with pronunciations which seem to echo natural souds.
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance.  
正确
喵查答案：错误

15 According to Halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.
喵查答案：正确
错误

16 When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.
喵查答案：正确
错误

17 “Language operates by rules” is a fundamental view about language.
喵查答案：正确
错误

18 Now linguists have known the specific origins of human languages.
正确
喵查答案：错误

Chapter Two: Phonetics

1 In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [n], [z] share the feature of ____________.
palatal
喵查答案：alveolar
bilabial
velar

2 According to the manner of articulation, [m] is a ___________.
bilabial
plosive
喵查答案：nasal
fricative

3 The classification and description of English consonants are based on ___________________.
the position of the tongue
the shape of vocal tract
narrow and broad transcription
喵查答案：the place and manner of articulation

4 Pair ___________ doesn’t form a minimal pair. 
gap and cap
pat and pad
 tip and dip
喵查答案：cat and act

5 The study of the perception of speech sounds is closely connected with          .
喵查答案：auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
arbitrary phonetics
articulatory phonetics

6 The study of the production of speech sounds is closely connected with ____________.
喵查答案：articulatory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
auditory phonetics
arbitrary phonetics

7 The voiceless alveolar fricative in English is ________.
喵查答案：s
d
f
v

8 The voiceless bilabial stop in English is _____________.
喵查答案：[ p ]
b
[ t ] 
d

9 The two sounds [ p ] and [ b ] share the same place and manner of articulation, but they are distinguished by _______.
喵查答案：voicing
tenseness
roundedness
position of the tongue

10 Which of the following sounds is a palatal?
[ b ]
[ d ]
[ g ]
喵查答案：[ j ]

11 According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a alveolar.
正确
喵查答案：错误

12 The difference between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of the airstream.
喵查答案：正确
错误

13 Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 The high front tense unrounded vowel in English is [i:].
喵查答案：正确
错误

15  Vowels are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.
正确
喵查答案：错误

16 When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.
正确
喵查答案：错误

17 Velar sounds are made with the back of the tongue raised to touch the velum.
喵查答案：正确
错误

18 /d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.
喵查答案：正确
错误

Chapter Three: Phonology

1 In a syllable, a vowel often serves as ____________.
喵查答案：peak or nucleus
onset
coda   
sequence

2 A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
phone
sound
allophone
喵查答案： phoneme

3  Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ______.
phonetic components
syllables
喵查答案：suprasegmental features
 allophonic variation

4  In coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as          .
喵查答案：anticipatory coarticulation 
progressive assimilation
perseverative coarticulation
dentalization

5 The fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call          .
喵查答案：nasalization
velarization
 aspiration
devoicing

6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. 
identical  
the same
exactly alike
喵查答案：similar

7  Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
喵查答案：in phonemic contrast    
in complementary distribution
the allophones 
 minimal pair
free variations

8 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. 
phones 
sounds
 phonemes 
喵查答案：allophones

9 A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 
phone 
sound
allophone
喵查答案：phoneme

10 The word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables.
five
喵查答案： six
four
 three

11 Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
喵查答案：正确
错误

12 In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the “narrow” transcription.
正确
喵查答案：错误

13 Aspiration is a distinctive feature in English.
正确
喵查答案：错误

14  In English, the distinction between aspirated [pʰ] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.
喵查答案：正确
错误

15  In the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [p].
正确
喵查答案：错误

16 Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
正确
喵查答案：错误

17 Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
喵查答案：正确
错误

Chapter Four: Morphology

1 The different morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme are called the           of that morpheme.
morphs
喵查答案：allomorphs
phones
allophones

2           refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. 
喵查答案：Root
Morpheme
Phoneme
Stem

3 __________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), Eurodollar (from European + dollar). 
喵查答案：Back-formation and blending
Compound and derivation
Inflection and derivation
Derivation and blending

4 __________can best describe the word formation processes of the following groups words: table–tables, influenza–flu.
喵查答案：Inflection and abbreviation     
Compound and derivation
 Inflection and derivation 
Derivation and blending

5  Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stem?
 compound
喵查答案：inflection
derivation     
coinage

6  The morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a(n)____________.
喵查答案：free morpheme 
bound form
inflectional morpheme   
bound morpheme

7  In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “future tense”. This is because in English ________________.
喵查答案：the future is not expressed by morphological change
the future can be expressed in many ways
the future belongs to the category of “aspect”
the future is expressed by modal verbs

8  In the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root. 
 un
available  
喵查答案：avail
ability

9 Derivational affixes are bound morphemes added to existing form to construct new words. English derivational affixes are divided into ________and _______.
 prefixes, infixes
suffixes and infixes
喵查答案：prefixes, suffixes
morphemes, allomorphs

10 Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
 teacher
喵查答案：ecology
television 
happiness
friendship

11 Derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
正确
喵查答案：错误

12 “Invention” is a form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
正确
喵查答案：错误

13 A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments.
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 ”Although“ is an open-class word.
正确
喵查答案：错误

15  The bound morpheme in “apples” is an inflectional morpheme. 
喵查答案：正确
错误

16  Stems in English can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
正确
喵查答案：错误

17 –ing is an “inflectional suffix”.
喵查答案：正确
错误

18  Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
喵查答案：正确
错误

Chapter Five: Syntax

1 _______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
喵查答案：Transformational
 Phrase structure
X-bar
 Generative

2 Which of the following type of grammatical construction is NOT a typical endocentric construction?
喵查答案：prepositional phrase
noun phrases 
adjective phrases
verb phrases

3  The three small children with children as its head, belongs to       .
喵查答案：endocentric construction 
 exocentric construction
 D-structure
 immediate constituents

4 Which of the following is a right-headed endocentric compound?
make-up
喵查答案：night-school
takehome
 pickpocket
forget-me-not

5 ________ construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.
喵查答案：Endocentric 
Exocentric 
Coordinate
Subordinate

6   Immediate Constituents Analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in          .
transformational generative grammar
systemic functional grammar
 traditional grammar
喵查答案：structural grammar

7 The structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with____________.
theme and rheme
government and binding
喵查答案：immediate constituent analysis
mood and modality

8        ____    refers to a relation holding between elements replaced with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element  present and the others absent.
Syntagmatic relation
喵查答案：Paradigmatic relation
Horizontal relation
Syntactic relation

9 The sentence structure is ________.
only linear
only hierarchical 
complex 
喵查答案：both linear and hierarchical

10 Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?
positional relations
relations of co-occurrence 
喵查答案：relations of expansion
relations of substitutability

11 The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
large 
small 
喵查答案：finite 
 infinite

12 Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
喵查答案：recursive 
grammatical 
social 
functional

13 The generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 Exocentric construction is also called headed construction.
正确
喵查答案：错误

15 Endocentric construction can be further divided into the following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and coordinate endocentric construction.
喵查答案：正确
错误

16 The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.
喵查答案：正确
错误

17 In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
喵查答案：正确
错误

18 The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
喵查答案：正确
错误

19 Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
喵查答案：正确
错误

20 Descriptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are. 
正确
喵查答案：错误

Chapter Six: Semantics

1  It’s everybody’s right, right? In this sentence, these two “rights” are         .
complete synonyms 
喵查答案：complete homonyms 
 homographs 
homophones

2 All the following are marked words EXCEPT _______.
small
low
喵查答案：old
 short
喵查答案：tall
slow

3 Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites? 
single vs. married 
 hot vs. cold 
alive vs. dead
喵查答案：husband vs. wife
true vs. false
long vs. short 
喵查答案：buy vs. sell 

4 Partial synonyms may differ in the following aspects except    ___ .
stylistic meaning
 associative meaning
connotative meaning
喵查答案：conceptual meaning

5 “Fall” and “autumn” are ___________________synonyms.
stylistic
absolute
phrasal
喵查答案：dialectal

6  “Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people; that is its ____________.
conceptual
喵查答案：associative
denotative
stylistic

7 From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use refers to the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
喵查答案：affective 
stylistic
collocative
thematic

8  The same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
associative
 affective
喵查答案：conceptual
reflected

9 The naming theory is advanced by ________.
Bloomfield
Geoffrey Leech
Firth
喵查答案：Plato

10 Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of __________ .
pragmatics
phonetics  
 syntax
喵查答案：semantics

11

X: He has been to France.

Y: He has been to Europe.

The relationship of X and Y is ____________.
喵查答案：X entailing Y
synonymous
 inconsistent
X presupposing Y

12 Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
喵查答案：正确
错误

13 The word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 “Fruit” is the hyponym of words like “banana”, “apple”, or “orange”.
正确
喵查答案：错误

15 Hyponymy refers to the relationship held between general and specific words.
喵查答案：正确
错误

16 Sense and reference are two different aspects of semantics, the former dealing with the semantic structure of language and the latter dealing with the meaning in terms of our experience outside language.
喵查答案：正确
错误

17 Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
正确
喵查答案：错误

18 Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
喵查答案：正确
错误

19 Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties.
喵查答案：正确
错误

20 In English as in any language the number of words is larger than the number of meanings.
正确
喵查答案：错误

Chapter Seven: Pragmatics

1 When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
impoliteness
contradictions
mutual understanding   
喵查答案：conversational implicatures

2 In specifying the maxism of manner in his CP theory, Grice mentioned all the following except “_________”.
喵查答案：Be relevant
Avoid ambiguity
Be brief
Avoid obscurity of expression
Be orderly

3 Grice introduced the following categories of maxims to specify the CP further, except        .
quantity
quality
喵查答案：logic
manner

4

X: Shall we get something for the kids?

Y: Yes. But I veto I-C-E C-R-E-A-M.

Y’s answer violates maxim of ____________.
quantity
quality
relation
喵查答案：manner

5 ____________ first proposed the Speech Act Theory.
J.Searle
喵查答案：J.Austin   
H.P.Grice
M. A. K. Halliday

6 The husband coming into the kitchen in reaction to the wife’s utterance in the living room “The kettIe is boiling” is the         act of the wife’s utterance.
illocutionary
喵查答案：perlocutionary
locutionary
speech 

7 What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether_________ is considered in the study of meaning.
reference 
practical usage 
speech act
喵查答案：context

8 If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.
constative
directive 
喵查答案：utterance
 expressive

9 “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents________.
the conceptualist view
喵查答案：contextualism
the naming theory
behaviourism

10 The “I-principle” in the Q-, I- and M-principles refers to _____.

 Interaction

 Input

 Interference
喵查答案：

Informativeness

11 The Q-, I- and M-principles is put forward by _____.

Sperber

Wilson
喵查答案：

Levinson

Grice

12 ____ which suggests the idea of “least effort”,  can explain the phenomenon of semantic expansion, for example, “guys” may refer to both males and females.

The Q-principle
喵查答案：

 The R-principle

The I-principle

The M-principle

13 Which of the following is not a characteristic of conversational implicature?
Calculability
Non-detachability
Non-conventionality
Cancellability
喵查答案：Detachability
喵查答案：Conventionality

14 According to the conversational maxim of manner suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.
正确
喵查答案：错误

15 Utterances always take the form of complete sentences.
正确
喵查答案：错误

16 The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
正确
喵查答案：错误

17 Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
喵查答案：正确
错误

18

  In the Q- and R-principles, the R-principle is hearer-oriented economy for the minimization of form. 
正确
喵查答案：错误

19 According to the Relevance Theory, all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, can be reduced to a single principle of relevance.
喵查答案：正确
错误

20 It is J. Austin who first put forward the idea of conversational implicature.
正确
喵查答案：错误

Chapter Eight: Psycholinguistics

1 Which of the following is NOT a subject of research within psycholinguistics?
Language production.
Language comprehension.
Language acquisition.  
喵查答案：Language planning.
Language disorder.
Language and thought.
喵查答案：Language documentation.

2         usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.
Corpus linguistics 
喵查答案：Psycholinguistics
Cognitive linguistics
Semantics
anthropological linguistics

3 Which of the following is NOT an approach to the study of language and cognition?
The psychological approach.
The conceptual approach.
The formal approach.
喵查答案：The sociolinguistic approach.

4 In cognitive linguistics,           is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.
blending
喵查答案：categorization
construal 
reasoning and judgment
conceptualization

5 The ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.
喵查答案：optimum
youngest
flexible
relevant

6 Which of the following fields does NOT have much influence on psycholinguistics?
Structural linguistics.
Cognitive psychology.
Transformational grammar.
Neurosciences.
喵查答案：Systemetic-functional grammar.

7 According to Lakoff and Johnson, “His greediness began to balloon quickly” represents a(an)           .
structural metaphor  
rhetorical metaphor  
喵查答案：ontological metaphor
orientational metaphor

8 The categories at the _________ are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best.
superordinate level
subordinate level
喵查答案：basic level
primary level

9 _________ is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain; and in cognitive literature is modeled as Idealized Cognitive Models.
喵查答案：Metonymy
Metaphor
Mental space
Cross-space mapping

10         is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
Psycholinguistics
喵查答案：Cognitive linguistics
Pragmatics
Applied linguistics

11 The conceptual approach to the study of language and cognition can be said to address how language structures conceptual content.
喵查答案：正确
错误

12 Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.
喵查答案：正确
错误

13 Image Schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 One of the definitions of cognition is the mental process or faculty of “knowing”, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment.
喵查答案：正确
错误

15 The reinforcement theory, based on behaviourist psychology, is used to account for linguistic behaviour with stimulus and response.
喵查答案：正确
错误

16 Child language acquisition results from the interaction of the innate linguistic competence and the postnatal experiences of the external world.
喵查答案：正确
错误

17 The bow-wow theory is a theory on language acquisition.
正确
喵查答案：错误

Chapter Nine: Sociolinguistics

1 Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
The strong version of this hypothesis claims that language plays a decisive role in shaping our thinking patterns.
The weak version of this hypothesis claims that there is a correlation between language, culture and thought.
This hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity.
喵查答案：The hypothesis of linguistic determinism is now generally agreed to be true.

2 Which of the following statements is NOT right about the hypothesis of “Women Register”?
It assumes that there do exist gender differences in speech between men and women.
It is argued that the gender differences in speech are brought about by women’s place in society.
It claims that the linguistic differences between men and women are culturally and socially governed.
喵查答案：It is George Lakoff who initiated the real sociolinguistic study of gender differences in American English.

3             is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation. 
喵查答案：Ethnic dialect
Regional dialect
Social dialect
Situational dialect

4         are situation-specific language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations,or when communicating with a particular group of people. 
喵查答案：Registers
Slangs
Jargons
Situational dialects

5 Social dialects, or        , are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
喵查答案：sociolects
regional dialects
slang
jargon

6 The phenomenon that Americans and British people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of ________.
allophones
complementary distribution
喵查答案：free variation
phonetic similarity

7        is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
喵查答案：Regional variation
Language variation
Register variation
Social variation

8 The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is       .
喵查答案：accent
use of words
use of structures
morphemes

9 In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.
喵查答案：female;male
male;female
young;old
old;young

10 Ethnography of communication is an authoritative research framework in a linguistic study of social and cognitive factors.
正确
喵查答案：错误

11 Anthropological linguistics aims to look at the relationship between language and culture in a speech community.
喵查答案：正确
错误

12

If dialectal diversity comes from the degree of communicative isolation which results from social factors, it is called a social dialect.
喵查答案：正确
错误

13 Black English is not a standard variety of English language.
正确
喵查答案：错误

14 Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of distinct idiolect.
喵查答案：正确
错误

15 Language by no means determines the ways we perceive the objective world, but by its convenience, availability, and habitual use, does influence the perceptions of human being.
喵查答案：正确
错误

16 Language changes fast.
正确
喵查答案：错误

Chapter Eleven: Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics

1 Which of the following is NOT Saussure’s contribution to modern linguistics?
He made the distinction between langue and parole.
He made the distinction between the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in syntax.
He views language as system of signs and points out the arbitrary nature of the sign.
喵查答案：He argues that phonetics belongs to parole whereas phonology belongs to langue.

2 According to the Functional Sentence Perspective, the rheme in the sentence “By it stands Karl” is           .
By it
stands
By it stands
喵查答案：Karl

3 Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’s concept of              .
langue
喵查答案：parole
competence
description

4 TG grammar has seen      stages of development.
four
喵查答案：five
six
seven

5 According to Systemic Grammar, “The train left five minutes ago” belongs to a kind of         process. 
action
喵查答案：event
mental
relational

6                  Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach.
喵查答案：Systemetic-Functional
Transformational-Generative 
Structural
Case

7 Which of the following is NOT a major contribution of The Prague School?
It sees language in terms of function.
It justifies the synchronic study of language.
It emphasized the systemic character of language.
喵查答案：It marks the maturity of descriptive linguistics.
It clarifies the distinction between phonetics and phonology.

8 The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of        .
喵查答案：function
meaning
signs
system

9 Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and        in psychology.
喵查答案：mentalism
behaviorism
sentimentalism
empiricism

10 Modern linguistics began from         , who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”.
Chomsky 
喵查答案：Saussure
Halliday 
Bloomfield 

11 Systemic-Functional Grammar takes actual use of language as the object of study, while TG Grammar takes the ideal speaker’s linguistic competence as the object of study.
喵查答案：正确
错误

12 American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.
正确
喵查答案：错误

13 Malinowski believes that language is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpart of thought.
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.
正确
喵查答案：错误

15 According to Halliday, the adult’s language serve three meta-functions: the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual functions.
喵查答案：正确
错误

16 Generative grammar means a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.
喵查答案：正确
错误

17 J.R. Firth and the anthropologist B. Malinnowski, and M.A.K. Halliday all stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of language. 
喵查答案：正确
错误

英语语言学概论期末测试

1 In the Q- and R-principles, the Q-principle is from the first submaxim of Grice’s _______ maxim.
Quality
喵查答案：Quantity
Relation
Manner

2 What is the term that Saussure uses to refer to the language system shared by a speech community?
喵查答案：langue
parole
paradigm
arbitrariness

3 What is the sense relation which holds between the pair of words richer—poorer?
Gradable antonymy
Complementary antonymy
Homonymy
喵查答案： converse antonymy

4 Cognitive linguists look at the sentence “I’m feeling down” as a case of ____________ metaphors.
ontological
 structural
喵查答案：orientational 
rhetorical

5 Application of the transformational rules yields ___________structure.
deep
喵查答案：surface
phrase
lexical

6 which of the following pairs of words is not in complementary distribution?
spot and pot
stop and top
 school and cool 
喵查答案：light and glad

7 The application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called ___________ . 
sociolinguistics           
 psycholinguistics
喵查答案：applied linguistics
computational linguistics

8 Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
crash
喵查答案：book
meaningful
headmaster

9        is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
喵查答案：Regional variation
Register variation
Social variation
Language variation

10 _________ is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
喵查答案：Image Schema
Category
Metaphor
Metonymy

11 “I-principle” in the Q-, I- and M-principles refers to ______.
Interaction
Input
Interference
喵查答案：Informativeness

12 In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _________, which is the abstraction of the meaing of a sentence.
utterance
reference
喵查答案：predication
morpheme

13 A(n)_______ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
phone
喵查答案：phoneme
sound
allophone

14 Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.
喵查答案：Plato
Saussure
Grice
Halliday

15 WH-movement is ________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
optional 
arbitrary
喵查答案：obligatory
selectional 

16 The study of the rules governing the structure of speech sounds is in the domain of ________.
喵查答案：phonology
phonetics
morphology
semantics

17 Jakobson established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication, among them, conative function means______.
to convey message and information
to indulge in language for its own sake
to express attitudes, feelings and emotions
喵查答案： to persuade and influence others through commands and requests

18 Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language. Interpersonal function is to ________.
construct a model of experience as well as logical relations
喵查答案：enact social relationships
create relevance to context
bring about civilization

19 From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
喵查答案：affective 
 conceptual 
collocative
stylistic

20  “Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its ____________ meaning.
conceptual
stylistic
denotative
喵查答案：associative

21 In the Q- and R-principles, the Q-principle is from the first submaxim of Grice’s _______ maxim.
Quality
喵查答案：Quantity
Relation
Manner

22 What is the term that Saussure uses to refer to the language system shared by a speech community?
喵查答案：langue
parole
paradigm
arbitrariness

23 What is the sense relation which holds between the pair of words richer—poorer?
Gradable antonymy
Complementary antonymy
Homonymy
喵查答案： converse antonymy

24 Cognitive linguists look at the sentence “I’m feeling down” as a case of ____________ metaphors.
ontological
 structural
喵查答案：orientational 
rhetorical

25 Application of the transformational rules yields ___________structure.
deep
喵查答案：surface
phrase
lexical

26 which of the following pairs of words is not in complementary distribution?
spot and pot
stop and top
 school and cool 
喵查答案：light and glad

27 The application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called ___________ . 
sociolinguistics           
 psycholinguistics
喵查答案：applied linguistics
computational linguistics

28 Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
crash
喵查答案：book
meaningful
headmaster

29        is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
喵查答案：Regional variation
Register variation
Social variation
Language variation

30 _________ is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
喵查答案：Image Schema
Category
Metaphor
Metonymy

31 “I-principle” in the Q-, I- and M-principles refers to ______.
Interaction
Input
Interference
喵查答案：Informativeness

32 In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _________, which is the abstraction of the meaing of a sentence.
utterance
reference
喵查答案：predication
morpheme

33 A(n)_______ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
phone
喵查答案：phoneme
sound
allophone

34 Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.
喵查答案：Plato
Saussure
Grice
Halliday

35 WH-movement is ________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
optional 
arbitrary
喵查答案：obligatory
selectional 

36 The study of the rules governing the structure of speech sounds is in the domain of ________.
喵查答案：phonology
phonetics
morphology
semantics

37 Jakobson established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication, among them, conative function means______.
to convey message and information
to indulge in language for its own sake
to express attitudes, feelings and emotions
喵查答案： to persuade and influence others through commands and requests

38 Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language. Interpersonal function is to ________.
construct a model of experience as well as logical relations
喵查答案：enact social relationships
create relevance to context
bring about civilization

39 From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
喵查答案：affective 
 conceptual 
collocative
stylistic

40  “Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its ____________ meaning.
conceptual
stylistic
denotative
喵查答案：associative

41  The same word has the same _____________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
associative
reflected
喵查答案：conceptual
 affective

42                       means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
喵查答案：Reference
Sense
Concept 
Signifier

43 ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. 
喵查答案：Componential analysis
 Immediate Constituent Analysis
Morphological analysis
Phonemic analysis

44  Immediate Constituents Analysis is a way to dismantle a grammatical construction in                .
traditional grammar
Transformational-Generative grammar
Systemic Functional grammar
喵查答案：Structural grammar

45 The generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s _________.
喵查答案：linguistic competence
linguistic performance
communicative competence
pragmatic competence

46 Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?
positional relations
relations of co-occurrence 
喵查答案：relations of expansion
relations of substitutability

47 ______________ grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are. 
喵查答案：Prescriptive
Descriptive
Functional
Generative

48 Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
happiness
television 
喵查答案：ecology
 teacher

49 When somebody says “morning!”, we can ask a question like “What did he do?”. And the answer could be that he produced a sound, word or sentence. The act performed in this sense is called a          act.
喵查答案：locutionary 
illocutionary
perlocutionary
speech

50 What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether _________ is considered in the study of meaning.
reference 
speech act
practical usage 
喵查答案：context 

51

X: He has been to France.

Y: He has been to Europe.

The relationship between X and Y is ____________.
喵查答案：X entailing Y
 inconsistent
X presupposing Y
synonymous

52          means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
Synonymy
Antonymy
Homonymy
喵查答案：Polysemy

53 The soldier decided to desert into the desert. Here, these two deserts are         .
 synonyms
complete homonyms
喵查答案：homographs 
 homophones

54 Terms like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” which are members of the same class,  are called           of the term “fruit”.
喵查答案：co-hyponyms  
synonyms
 homonyms
antonyms

55 The sense relation which holds between the pair of words “beef” and “meat” is            .
synonymy 
喵查答案： hyponymy 
 polysemy 
 homonymy 

56  Which of the following pairs of words is NOT in complementary distribution?
spot and pot
school and cool
喵查答案：sleep and sheep
stop and top

57 Which of the following is NOT a branch of phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics.
Acoustic phonetics.
Auditory phonetics.
喵查答案：Arbitrary phonetics.

58 One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.
duality
喵查答案：creativity
arbitrariness
displacement

59 The scope of linguistic study may be generally divided into ______________.
descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics
sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics
synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics
喵查答案：microlinguistics and macrolinguistics

60 Chomsky made the distinction between _______________.
喵查答案：competence and performance
comparative linguistics and historical linguistics
langue and parole
microlinguistics and macrolinguistics 

61 The social functions of language do NOT include_______________.
informative function
interrogative function  
phatic function
喵查答案：metacognitive function

62  In today’s grammar we normally say that English does not have a “future tense”. This is because in English ________________.
 the future can be expressed in many ways
the future belongs to the category of “aspect”
the future is expressed by modal verbs
喵查答案：the future is not expressed by inflectional variation of the morpheme

63 The word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables, and _______ morphemes.
five; three
喵查答案：six; four
four; six
 three; five

64  In coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as          .
progressive assimilation
喵查答案：anticipatory coarticulation 
perseverative coarticulation
dentalization

65 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. 
phones 
sounds
 phonemes 
喵查答案：allophones

66 The difference between vowels and consonants lies in ___________________.
the intonation of the sounds
the place and manner of articulation
the aspiration of the sounds
喵查答案：the obstruction of the airstre

67 Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?
[ g ]
[ d ]
[ b ]
[ k ]
喵查答案：[ p ]
[ n ]

68 In terms of the manner of articulation, the following sounds [f], [ð], [z] are ____________.
喵查答案：fricatives
stops
labiodentals
alveolars

69 According to the place of articulation, [m] is a ___________.
喵查答案：bilabial
plosive
nasal
fricative

70 Which of the following pairs of sounds are distinctive phonemes in English?
喵查答案：[p],  [b]
喵查答案：[f],  [v]
[p],  [pʰ ]
[ɫ],   [l]

71 Which of the following can be regarded as the main contributions of the Prague School?
喵查答案：It sees language in terms of function.
喵查答案：It made the distinction between phonetics and phonology.
It introduced the concept of arbitrariness of the linguistic sign.
It established the descriptive approach to the study of language.

72 Which of the following types of words are not function words?
Prepositions.
Conjunctions.
喵查答案：Adjectives.
喵查答案：Numerals.

73 Which of the following words are formed through backformation?
喵查答案：burgle
喵查答案：greed
female
bridegroom

74 The syntactic relation of substitutability can also be termed as ___________.
喵查答案：Associative rlations
喵查答案：Paradigmatic relations
Horizontal relations
Syntagmatic relation

75 Both _______ and _________ are abstract linguistic units, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environment.
喵查答案：phoneme
phone
喵查答案：morpheme
morph

76 Which of the following are mentioned by Grice as the characteristics of conversational implicature?
喵查答案：Calculability.
喵查答案：Cancellability.
Detachability.
Conventionality.

77 In specifying the Maxism of Manner in his Cooperative Principle theory, Grice mentioned all the following except “_________”.
Be brief  
喵查答案：Be relevant
Be perspicuous 
喵查答案：Be specific

78 What are the two kinds of processes that lead to polysemy?
喵查答案：Radiation
喵查答案：concatenation
derivation
inflection

79 Which of the following words are marked words?
喵查答案：Small.
喵查答案：Short.
Long.
Big.

80 The pairs of words ______ and ______ can be regarded as complementary antonyms.
喵查答案：male vs. female
hot vs. cold
喵查答案：innocent vs. guilty
employer vs. employee

81 The factors that may help to produce near synonyms include               .
喵查答案：stylistic difference
喵查答案： dialectal difference 
conceptual difference
denotative difference

82 The classification and description of English consonants are based on ___________________.
喵查答案：the place of articulation
喵查答案：the manner of articulation
the shape of vocal tract
narrow and broad transcription

83  Saussure made the distinction between _______________.
喵查答案： langue and parole
competence and performance
theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics
comparative linguistics and historical linguistics
喵查答案：synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics

84 Which of the following statements can be regarded as fundamental views about language ?
Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.
喵查答案：Language is instrumental.
喵查答案：Language is social and conventional.
Some people speak a dialect; others don’t.

85 Suprasegmental features that occur above the level of the segments include ____________. 
喵查答案：stress
喵查答案：tone
voicing
tenseness

86 The two parts that constitute a syllable include _____________.
喵查答案：the Rhyme
the Peak
喵查答案：the Onset
the Coda

87 The relevance theory can be regarded as both a reaction against, and a development of Grice’s pragmatic theory. 
喵查答案：正确
错误

88 Human cognitive system works in such a way as to tend to minimize relevance with respect to communication. 
正确
喵查答案：错误

89 According the Inferential model of communication, people convey less meaning than they ever encode and decode linguistically. 
正确
喵查答案：错误

90 The degree of relevance of an input to an individual is a balance struck between cognitive effects and processing effort.
喵查答案：正确
错误

91 The generative-transformational grammar intends to account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.
喵查答案：正确
错误

92 In terms of approach, all the structuralists take a prescriptive approach to the linguistic description of language.
正确
喵查答案：错误

93 Language variation is diachronic while language change is synchronic.
正确
喵查答案：错误

94 Children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, so it means that the biological basis is the only requirement for the first language acquisition.
正确
喵查答案：错误

95 Adults’ correction of children’s speech determines how children speak.
正确
喵查答案：错误

96 In the Q- and R-principles, the Q-principle is speaker-based economy for the maximization of information content.
正确
喵查答案：错误

97 Levinson also calls his Q-, I- and M-principles “heuristics”.
喵查答案：正确
错误

98 Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
喵查答案：正确
错误

99 The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.
正确
喵查答案：错误

100 Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.
喵查答案：正确
错误

101 Synchronic linguistics studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.
喵查答案：正确
错误

102 Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
正确
喵查答案：错误

103 The syntactic rules of any language are infinit in number.
正确
喵查答案：错误

104 Derivaiton does not change the grammatical class of the stem.
正确
喵查答案：错误

105  Stems in English can be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
正确
喵查答案：错误

106 The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
正确
喵查答案：错误

107 Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
喵查答案：正确
错误

108 The word “bow” can be used as noun and verb, so “bow”(as noun) and “bow” (as verb) are homographs.
喵查答案：正确
错误

109 A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
正确
喵查答案：错误

110 The words cave and shave form a minimal pair.
喵查答案：正确
错误

111 When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.
正确
喵查答案：错误

112 The yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated from the cries uttered during strain of work.
喵查答案：正确
错误

113 The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
喵查答案：正确
错误

114  In English, the distinction between aspirated [pʰ] and unaspirated [p] is phonemic.
正确
喵查答案：错误

115  In the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically transcribed as [pʰ].
正确
喵查答案：错误

116 Phonetics is different from phonology in that the former studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication, and the latter studies the production, transmission and perception of individual sounds.
正确
喵查答案：错误

117 Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps.
喵查答案：正确
错误

118 Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
喵查答案：正确
错误

Chapter Ten Second and Foreign Language Teaching

1 Which of the following sentences represents the type of misordering error?
He is works in the factory nearby.
She reading a book.
The cat eated the fish.
喵查答案：What you are doing?

2

The type of error in the sentence “We didn’t went there” is called ____ .
omission
addition
喵查答案：double markings
misordering

3 A recent moment called ___________ seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning, which can be regarded as a compromise between the “purely form-focused approaches” and the “purely meaning-focused approaches.
喵查答案：Focus on Form
Focus on Meaning 
Focus on Function
Focus on Grammar

4 Language teaching has always been a concern in the studies of ______________.
喵查答案：applied linguistics
sociolinguistics
psycholinguistics
computational linguistics

5 Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as ________.
喵查答案：interference
interlanguage
error analysis 
fossilization

6 ___ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.
Error Analysis
喵查答案：Contrastive Analysis
Discourse Analysis
Componential Analysis

7

_______ is material (usually spoken discourse) that is modified when the teacher and the learner interact
Premodified input
喵查答案：Interactively modified input
Interlanguage
Comprehensible input

8 When L2 learners do not progress any further, some errors will probably never disappear entirely. 
喵查答案：正确
错误

9 The aim of a comparable corpus is to collect for the learners all instances of a word or phrase they have come across in different contexts, for raising language awareness.
正确
喵查答案：错误

10 Structural syllabus aims at the learner’s communicative competence.
正确
喵查答案：错误

11 An error which results from language transfer, that is, which is caused by the learner’s native language is called interlingual error.
喵查答案：正确
错误

12 According to Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, authentic input should be provided for language learners rather than premodified input.
正确
喵查答案：错误

13 There are two types of tasks in task-based syllabi: real-world tasks and pedagogical tasks. 
喵查答案：正确
错误

14 Sample corpus is a type of corpora that is assembled for a specific purpose and varies in size and composition according to their purposes.
正确
喵查答案：错误

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